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<title>Master craftsman</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Master craftsman</span></span>

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<p>Historically, a <b>master craftsman</b> or <b>master <a href="Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">tradesman</a></b> (sometimes called only <b>master</b> or <b>grandmaster</b>) was a member of a <a href="Guild" title="Guild">guild</a>. The title survives as the highest professional qualification in craft industries.

</p><p>In the European <a href="Guild#organization" title="Guild">guild system</a>, only masters and journeymen were allowed to be members of the guild. An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from <a href="Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a> to <a href="Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a> before he could be elected to become a master craftsman. He would then have to produce a sum of money and a <a href="Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a> before he could actually join the guild. If the masterpiece was not accepted by the masters, he was not allowed to join the guild and possibly remained a journeyman for the rest of his life.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today's_master_craftsman_in_different_countries">Today's master craftsman in different countries</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the master craftsman (<i><b>Meister</b></i>) is the highest professional qualification in crafts and is a state-approved grade. The certification is called <i><b>Meisterbrief</b></i>. The qualification includes theoretical and practical training in the craft as well as <a href="Business" title="Business">business</a> and legal training. Additionally, it implies the qualification to train apprentices. These qualifications prepare the <i>Meister</i> for running their own business or alternatively for higher positions at a company. The status of master craftsmen is regulated in the German <i>Gesetz zur Ordnung des Handwerks</i> (<a href="Trade_and_crafts_code_of_Germany" title="Trade and crafts code of Germany">Crafts and Trades Regulation Code</a>).

</p><p>Guilds have been abolished in Germany, but the ranks of apprentice (<i>Lehrling</i>), journeyman (<i>Geselle</i>) and master craftsman have been retained even through modern times. For safety-relevant crafts, e.g., <a href="Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a> and <a href="Chimney_sweep" title="Chimney sweep">chimney sweeps</a>, any business in the trade has to be run by a master craftsman or has to employ at least one <i>Meister</i>.

</p><p>Journeymen and master craftsmen are by law automatically members of their regional chamber of crafts (<i>Handwerkskammer</i>), which is a self-governing public body. The chamber organizes vocational training and oversees the examination of the journeymen and masters.

</p><p>To become a master craftsman, it is usually required to have completed vocational training in the craft in which the examination is to be taken, culminating in a final examination called <i>Gesellenprüfung</i> (journeyman's examination). If these requirements are fulfilled, the candidate can take courses for the <i>Meisterprüfung</i> (master craftsman's examination). The duration of the courses takes 1 to 4 years depending on the craft and on the Course. The examination includes theoretical, practical and oral parts and takes 5 to 7 days (depending on the craft). In some crafts, the creation of a <a href="Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a> is also part of the examination.

</p><p>The German <i>Meister</i> qualifies the holder to study for a bachelor's degree at <a href="University" title="University">university</a>, whether the <i>Meister</i> holds a regular <a href="Education_in_Germany#University_entrance_qualification" title="Education in Germany">university entrance qualification</a> or not.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the German <a href="National_Qualifications_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="National Qualifications Framework">Qualifications Framework</a>, the <i>Meisterbrief</i> is at the same level as a bachelor's degree, even though it is not an academic degree and thus not directly comparable.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<p>This tradition originates in <a href="Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>. The earliest guilds were "frith" or "peace" guilds – groups bonded together for mutual protection following the breakdown of the kins, which were groups related by blood ties.

</p><p>Merchant guilds – associations of international trades – were powerful in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but lost their ascendancy with the rise of the <a href="Craft_guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft guilds">craft guilds</a> – associations of master craftsmen, journeymen, apprentices and the various trades connected with a particular craft.

</p><p>The <a href="College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> in London awarded a coat of arms of The Guild of Master Craftsmen in 1992, after four years of assessment. Designed by heraldic expert <a href="Peter_Greenhill" title="Peter Greenhill">Peter Greenhill</a> to reflect the many categories of guild membership, it features: three escutcheons (shields) to represent <a href="Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Artists">artists</a>, <a href="Painters" class="mw-redirect" title="Painters">painters</a> and <a href="Worshipful_Company_of_Painter-Stainers" title="Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers">stainers</a>; a pair of compasses opened in chevron for <a href="Building" title="Building">building</a>, <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and <a href="Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>; a <a href="Dovetail" class="mw-redirect" title="Dovetail">dovetail</a> (separating the top third of the shield from the rest) to represent <a href="Cabinetmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinetmaking">cabinetmaking</a>, <a href="Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a> and <a href="Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joinery</a>; and a <a href="Gavel" title="Gavel">gavel</a> and <a href="Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a> for <a href="Masonry" title="Masonry">masons</a> and stoneworkers. The southern keep of <a href="Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> Castle, which overlooks the guild's headquarters, is featured above the helmet as the crest.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>While for the most part guilds as such do not exist, many trades continue the apprentice-journeyman-master model: <a href="Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, <a href="Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a>, <a href="Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">pipefitters</a> and <a href="Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a> are notable examples.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li>

<li><a href="Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">Vocational training</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tradition survives in <a href="Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, with elementary, middle and high school completing general education; with post secondary degrees awarded in the Associates, Bachelor and Master levels; and <a href="PhD_student" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD student">PhD students</a> as apprentices, <a href="Post-doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-doc">post-docs</a> and associate professors as journeymen and full <a href="Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> as masters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Bartenders Guild grants bartenders the title of Master Mixologist through a series of tests.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ankom.his.de/material/dokumente/Liste_der_Fortbildungen_die_zu_einem_allgemeinen_Hochschulzugang_berechtigen_sollen.pdf">Hochschulzugang für beruflich qualifizierte Bewerber ohne schulische Hochschulzugangsberechtigung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040946/http://ankom.his.de/material/dokumente/Liste_der_Fortbildungen_die_zu_einem_allgemeinen_Hochschulzugang_berechtigen_sollen.pdf">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ANKOM. 3 March 2009.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930075622/http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">"Der Deutsche Qualifikationsrahmen für Lebenslanges Lernen"</a>. <i>bmbf.de</i> (in German). German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 16 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchester.edu/kant/Universities/UnivIntro.htm">Kant in the Classroom</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9898&page=30">Graduate Education in Chemistry</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201101147/http://ctl.unc.edu/hir2.html">Teaching Assistants</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Master_craftsman_certificate" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Master craftsman certificate">Master craftsman certificate</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handwerkskammer.de">Website of German craft chambers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guildmc.com/">The Guild of Master Craftsmen</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodworkersinstitute.com/">The Woodworkers Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Qualifikationsrahmen" class="extiw external" title="de:Deutscher Qualifikationsrahmen">Deutscher Qualifikationsrahmen</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">Meister equivalent bachelor, German Government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930075622/http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">Archived</a> 30 September 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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